What formal process must take place for a proposed amendment to the Constitution to be ratified?

The correct answer emphasizes that for a proposed amendment to the Constitution to become ratified, it must receive approval from three-fourths of the state legislatures. This process is outlined in Article V of the Constitution and is designed to ensure that a significant consensus exists among the states before a change is made to the foundational governing document.

This requirement reflects the principles of federalism and the balance of power between state and federal governments, as amendments impact not just the federal structure but also state governance. By needing a supermajority of state legislatures, this process protects against rash or hasty decisions that could alter the Constitution without broad support across the nation.

The other processes mentioned, such as a majority vote in both Houses of Congress, are part of the amendment's proposal stage but do not constitute ratification. Similarly, while the President's signature is important for many federal laws, it is not required for constitutional amendments. Lastly, Supreme Court Justices do not play a role in the ratification process of amendments; their authority is generally limited to interpretation of the law after an amendment has been ratified. Thus, the focus on state legislatures ensures broad representation and agreement among states for any constitutional changes.