Which system allows each branch of government to check or restrain the powers of the others?

The system that allows each branch of government to check or restrain the powers of the others is known as Checks and Balances. This principle is a fundamental aspect of the United States Constitution, designed to ensure that no single branch—executive, legislative, or judicial—can dominate or abuse its powers. Each branch has specific mechanisms through which it can monitor and limit the actions of the other branches, which promotes accountability and prevents the concentration of power.

For example, the executive branch can veto legislation passed by the legislative branch, while the legislative branch can override that veto with a sufficient majority. Additionally, the judicial branch has the power to interpret laws and can declare laws unconstitutional, thereby nullifying legislative actions that exceed constitutional limits. This interdependence not only fosters cooperation among the branches but also safeguards citizens' rights by maintaining a balance of power within the government.

In contrast, the concept of Separation of Powers focuses on the distinct duties and responsibilities assigned to each branch but does not emphasize their ability to check one another as effectively as Checks and Balances. Judicial Review is a specific power of the courts to review the constitutionality of laws but is part of the broader system of Checks and Balances. Laissez-faire refers to an economic philosophy of minimal